Bitcoins Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Bitcoins - Essay Example These bitcoins serve as money for all types of payments and receipts on the web. Individuals can maintain their own bitcoin wallet, where these bitcoins are debited or credited. Since this is a peer-to-peer currency, it does not require any central authority to issue currency or track transactions (The Economic Times, 2014). The concept of bitcoins was first published in a newspaper in 2008. However, it was only in 2009 that the first online wallet software for transacting bitcoins was released. It was called Bitcoin-Qt. Nonetheless, this software initially was poorly developed and many of its features were exploited to create more and more bitcoins. Later on, a team of core developers and experts of software were employed to monitor, develop and enhance the bitcoin way of transacting. Since then, use of bitcoins has rapidly increased. Also, there have been considerable fluctuations in the price of bitcoins. The price of bitcoins had reached its peak in 2013, during the Cypriot financial crisis. From the initial days of inception, the bitcoin system has suffered plenty of glitches with respect to technology and software system that it was based on. This was largely due to lack of proper governance and management of the software. The system was found to crash multiple times. So, individuals were not real ly eager to use it as a system of online money. Bitcoins were largely used in online gaming versions, where individuals on winning points were credited with bitcoins. Hence, only youngsters and teenagers were found to take interest in this system. Soon as greater regulations were incorporated in this sector, bitcoin exchanges were regulated whereby they were required to submit reports of bitcoin transfers. Gradually, more and more business firms and non-profit groups started to accept this form of exchange. Currently, BTC China, which is a Chinese bitcoin exchange, is the largest bitcoin exchange in the world by virtue of trade volume.

Globalisation Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Globalisation - Coursework Example Globalisation ushered the unavoidable priority to comply with market forces, when compared with complying with the local government’s economic prerogatives (Barrera, 2008). The ethics of the global economy forces local governments to bend to the strong pressures of the global environment to come to terms with the global marketplace economic agreements (Ervin, 2008). Likewise, a company that is located in the United States can sell similar products to current and future customers located in Japan, Korea, or Singapore, without fearing globalisation’s business climate change (Greenwald, 2008). In addition, a company that is located in Argentina can send its products to current and future clients located in the United Kingdom (Homann, 2007). The above discussion clearly shows that the risk of not finding current and future customers for the company’s products is reduced. The opening up of the global marketplace to a company located in any part of the world reduces th e risk of not generating the company’s required revenues. Globalisation reduces Expense Risks Globalisation has leveled the playing field, in terms of generating expenses. ... In addition, the hammer manufacturing company located in Poland can purchase its quality manufacturing raw materials from a supplier located in Sweden (Bella, 2009). An apparel making company that is set up in Peru can buy its clothing raw materials from preferred current and future suppliers located in Dubai (Marmolejo, 2012).The above discussion offers convincing proof that globalisation drops the related risks of not finding current and future suppliers for the company’s raw materials. Changing from dealing with only the local community’s current and future suppliers to the bigger global list of current and future suppliers decreases the company’s risk of not finding available raw materials. Globalisation reduces Profit Risks Globalisation has leveled the playing field, in terms of generating profits. A research shows that many countries have benefitted from their embracing the global business environment. Some of the countries that benefitted from globalisati on include East Asian nations, India, and China. Later, some African countries joined the globalisation bandwagon. The global business market segment triggers corresponding both positive and negative effects on the nations’ local industries (Das, Another Perspective on Globalisation, 2010). A book publishing company that is set up in Russia can profit from selling its books in Vietnam’s bookstores, in compliance with the states’ liberal minded political leaders’ penchant to enter the global business stage (Blum, 2008). A food company that is located in New Zealand can dependently profit from exporting its products to Australia (Lane, 2008). A car manufacturing company can profit

A Financial Study Of Qatar Airways Tourism Essay

A Financial Study Of Qatar Airways Tourism Essay Qatar airlines which ranked amongst one of the best airline in the Gulf States lacking behind Emirates airways has been known to occupy second fiddle. The company recently has launched series of bold steps to re-position it from a second choice airline company to the number one competing head to head with the emirates in the business class segment of the market. Some of the activities include aggressive not only in its growth strategies, but in building its reputation and brand awareness. It places the highest priority on providing customers with the best service and unique accommodations and types of service provided. To do this, it has formed alliances with several different organizations to provide improved and unique services. For example, Qatar Airways has signed an agreement with Showtime Arabia and its new 560 satellite television systems. Qatar Airways is the launch customer for the Tailwind 560, and the service offered through the Tailwind 560 makes it the first internatio nal airline to provide passengers with live television across multiple regions. Introduction Today, the involvement of Middle Eastern airlines in extra-regional operations varies, but is already comparably high. Emirates is offering 82% of its seat capacity on extra-regional services. Most other important carriers from the region like Etihad Airways (74%), Qatar Airways (66%) and Gulf Air (54%) also operate more than half of their seats on extra-regional flights (AEA, 2006). Air France (26%) and Lufthansa (23%) show that the share of extra regional offer for European network carriers is considerably less, indicating that these carriers have stronger domestic markets. It has also projected the following for its financial year outlook. Qatar Airways aims for 40% jump in revenues, says CEO Akbar Al Baker. Defying the global financial downturn, Qatar Airways is expecting to record a 40 per cent increase in its revenues in its current financial year ending March 31, 2011 over the last year, according to the Doha-based airlines chief executive officer.We are targeting a 40 per cent increase in revenues for this year, which is slightly over the increase in the airlines capacity of around 30 per cent. Qatar has also come up with balance marketing Mix to as to shift from competitor of Emirates to main player in the airline industry in the Gulf region. The Airline Industry and The Challenges The commercial aviation industry has been characterized by a cyclic nature since its inception. During times of economic prosperity, passenger traffic demand grows and airlines seek to add capacity to meet that demand. Conversely, during economic downturns, airlines respond to decreased travel demand through cancelling flights, grounding or selling aircraft and generally shrinking capacity. By 2005, a new wave of brash exuberance was experienced in the airline industry, and aircraft orders skyrocketed fourfold, year over-year, to record levels of more than 2000 units, split fairly evenly between Airbus and Boeing. (See Fig. 1.) A sizable portion of aircraft buying originated with airlines based in the Gulf Region. Traffic growth in that region of the world was strong, and carriers like Emirates, Etihad and Qatar began placing large aircraft orders, often in duals of one-upmanship at various air-shows such as Paris, Farnborough and Dubai. The airline industry has been bedeviled in the recent times by economic downturn, skyrocketing fuel costs, perceived threat of terrorism, the potential outbreak of the bird flu virus and massive insurance premiums the international airline industry faces an uncertain, deregulation that has hit major industrialized nation airlines and challenging future. North America is second largest of the four regions examined, with 2827 orders, but with over 80% of these orders being placed for narrow-body equipment (generally 100-200 seats), most of which are destined to join the fleets of LCC airlines in the United States, Canada and Mexico. Europe is the third largest region, at over 2600 orders, also heavily weighted dedicated to narrow-body purchases (70%), again to a large extent ordered to increase the fleets of growing LCCs such as EasyJet and Ryanair. The Middle East is the fourth largest region examined, and though aircraft orders number just over 400, a key distinction from the other r egions is that more than 60% of these orders are for twin-aisle widebody (200-400 seats) and Very Large Aircraft (greater than 400 seats, such as the Airbus A380), as shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 1. Aircraft orders of Gulf States: 1995-2007. Source: www.airbus.com, www.boeing.com. Fig. 3. Airbus A380 orders by region. Source: Airline Monitor, November 2007. Situation analysis Company analysis Qatar Airways is the national airline company of Qatar which one of the fastest growing airlines in the world. Since its re-launch in 1997, Qatar Airways has achieved staggering growth in fleet size and passenger numbers. From only four aircraft in 1997, the airline grew to a fleet size of 28 aircraft by the end of 2003 and a milestone 50 by October 2006. Today, the airline operates 68 Boeing and Airbus aircraft. By 2013, the fleet size will almost double to 110 aircraft. Qatar Airways currently has more than 200 aircraft on order worth over US$40 billion for delivery over the next few years (www.linkedin.com). Currently, Qatar Airways has a fleet of 87 aircraft serving 92 destinations worldwide. The company employs more than 15,000 employees across Far East, Middle East, Central Asia, Europe, the Africa, North America, South America and Oceania. Qatar Airways vision is to invest in and maintain, a growing fleet of young and modern aircraft flying to key business and leisure destinations worldwide. Furthermore, companys mission includes safety first, customer focused, culturally aware and financially strong. Moreover Qatar Airways set up its goal which is to be a worlds top airplanes company. Competitors Qatar is strategically located in the Gulf States. It has become one of the business hub and stopover. Its airline industry, has come under increasing competition from competitors such as Emirates, Etihad, Bahrain airlines. Airlines in the Middle East currently account for just 9% of long haul capacity worldwide, but are responsible for about 25% of all global long-haul aircraft deliveries over the next decade (Flanagan, 2006). Dubai-based Emirates Airlines is the largest buyer, with approximately 70% of all new long-haul aircraft orders in the Middle East the airline is planning to more than double its all-wide body fleet capacity by 2012 (Flanagan, 2006). Once all these aircrafts are in use, Emirates Airlines will be the worlds largest long-haul carrier. Other airlines in the region with sizable wide body aircraft orders include Qatar Airways with an order book of about 140 wide-body aircraft and Etihad Airways with about 20 aircrafts pending delivery. Whilst aircraft orders of Gulf carriers represent real fleet expansions, aircraft orders placed by incumbent carriers are mainly used to replace existing capacity (Fig. 1). Overall, aircraft orders by Middle Eastern carriers are valued at 40 billion US D (list prices). Middle Eastern carriers are building their growth strategy on wide-body aircraft that offer expanded range, enhanced passenger comfort, and improved operating economics. These aircrafts will help Middle Eastern carriers to mitigate the likely ongoing slot shortages and congestion problems experienced at some airports. New-generation aircraft are fundamental to the development of long-haul hubs in the Middle East, allowing the carriers to remain competitive by keeping unit costs low (OConnell, 2006). Qatar airways just like other airlines in the Gulf States is part of the government strategy to diversify its revenue base, economies, commerce, tourism and global transport importance. The airline has a rich mission statement which is Excellence in everything we do. According to a survey carried out by Pearce and David (1987) to analyze the mission contents of airline companies, the mission, it showed that Qatars mission statement is one of the best in the world. Amongst 9 points, it has 6 points. Fleet expansion plans of Middle Eastern carriers (as March 2008). Source Journal of Transport Geography 18 (2008) 388-394 Collaborators (worldwide partners, codeshare) Code sharing or codeshare is an aviation business term for the practice of multiple airlines selling space on the same flights, where a seat can be purchased on one airline but is actually operated by a cooperating airline under a different flight number or code. The term code refers to the identifier used in flight schedule, generally the 2-character IATA airline designator code and flight number. Qatar Airways is proud to be codeshare partners with some of the worlds premier airlines such Nippon Airways, Asiana Airlines, BMI, Lufthansa, Malaysia Airlines, Philippine Airlines, US Airways and United Airlines which indicated as Star Alliance. (Qatar.com) Climate Macro environment (PESTLE analysis) PESTLE Analysis which is an acronym of Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, is a tool that aids organization make strategies by helping them to understand the external environment in which they operate now and in the near future. Below is a tabulated External analysis in which Qatar air line operates. Political Looking at both the demand and the supply side of Middle Eastern aviation growth, it becomes clear that the development has both a demand and a supply side impetus to it. The rise of carriers from the region has become possible due to the overall increase in demand for air travel. Additionally, traffic has already been diverted from the established carriers. However, there is also another side to the growth process: Induced demand. This is because of political stability in the Gulf region not only in Qatar. Economic Domestic demand benefits from the topography of the Gulf countries, which favours travelling by air for intra-regional transport. Furthermore, a high per capita income that is still increasing quickly, offers a base for a strong aviation industry. But there are socio-economic constraints, limiting both domestic leisure and business travel potential. Also, wealth is unevenly distributed, with an estimated proportion of 20% to 45% of the population living below the poverty line (AEA, 2006). The United Arab Emirates, Bahrain and Qatar have a combined 5.5 million people which is only about the population of the Philadelphia metropolitan area. With more people living above the poverty line, the airline industry has a bright future. Social UAE lies in the heart of the Middle East (ME) and is one of the worlds fastest growing economies with a per capita income of US$31,000 (IMD, 2005). Worldwide, in 2006, the ME Travel and Tourism economy was ranked number nine in terms of absolute size (US$150 billion) and is expected to grow to US$280 billion by 2020 (WTTC, 2007a; Husain, 2007a). UAE ranks 18th in the world and number one in the Arab world, according to the global tourism competitiveness report by the World Economic Forum (Rahman, 2007a, b). Global Futures and Foresight, a British think tank expects the investment in tourism and infrastructure for the ME to be about US$3 trillion by 2020, with current investments standing at US$1 trillion which is much higher than what is considered current global expenditure (Husain, 2007a). Non-oil revenues contribute 63 percent to the GDP (UAE Interact, 2007a). Abu Dhabi contributes 59 percent to the GDP of UAE (56 percent which is oil dependent). Qatar strategy is to feed from the Dubai market. Technological Delays, cancellations and diversions are the most visible evidence of the effects of these disruptions on the airlines. Generally, each of these results in aircraft and crews being out of position relative to planned itineraries. Passengers are inconvenienced as arrivals are delayed and scheduled connections missed. As a result, an airline may become responsible for the cost of alternate transportation, lodging, food and, if the delay is sufficiently long, a cash payment to compensate the traveler for any inconvenience. Qatar has achieved great technological feat to avoid such delays unless when the flight is at their hub and they are expecting some flights to make do. Legal Qatar airways is a signatory of open skies agreements. Between 1990 and 2003, the United States implemented a series of Open Skies Agreements, providing a unique opportunity to assess the effect that a change in the competition regime has on prices. In our sample, Open Skies Agreements reduce air transport costs by 9% and increase by 7% the share of imports arriving by air. Those results hold for developed and upper-middle-income developing countries but for lower-middle-income and low-income developing countries Open Skies Agreements do not reduce air transport costs. SWOT analysis SWOT analysis helps to explore the internal and external environmental factors affecting Qatar Airways and hence enable us to make strategic decisions (Aaker, 2005). The recommended strategies that would be adopted in this paper would be based on the on the SWOT analysis of the company. SWOT analysis for Qatar Airways STRENGTHS WEAKNESSESS The only 5-star ranked middle eastern airline Over 90 Destinations Worldwide Codeshare partners with most of the worlds premier airlines Qatar Airways profits from the very low charges at its home airport High ticket prices Young airlines which established in 1994 Operation costs is very high due to investments on airport reconstructions and buying high-class aircrafts OPPORTUNITIES THREATS Qatars favorable location for business The new airport is scheduled to be operational from the end of 2011 Qatar holds a major asean and international sporting activities, recently Qatar won bidding to host FIFA World Cup 2022 . Investing on Environmental Studies (first commercial flight with GTL Jet fuel- without particular emissions in 2009) Unstable political environment of neighbourhood countries High risk of terroristic activities Strong neighbouring state competitors (Emirates Airlines, Gulf Air) Qatar Airways has over 200 aircraft pending delivery with the orders worth more than US$40 billion by Boeing. Company objectives Marketing objectives To help drive their expansion in the UK and internationally, Qatar were looking for an opportunity that would deliver the right audience and broad coverage with year round presence. While Qatar and their agency Starcom were looking at various weather opportunities available in the market, we were convinced that the breadth and depth of our offering via the award winning Sky News would make it a clear winner they agreed. The campaign comprised of 5 different viewing platforms allowing Qatar to reach Sky News desirable and affluent audience via multiple touch points. Coverage also included Sky News International, driving the brand into over 70 million homes and 1 million hotel rooms worldwide. The relationship has now spanned over 4 years with a new 2 year extension just agreed. Objectives Grow brand awareness and perception in the UK and internationally Raise awareness of Qatar as a premium 5-star airline Communicate the quality of the Qatar service Increase share of voice against the competition http://www.skymedia.co.uk/Audience-Insight/Case-Studies/qatar-airlines.aspx Financial objectives Qatar Airways aims for 40% jump in revenues, says CEO Akbar Al Baker. Defying the global financial downturn, Qatar Airways is expecting to record a 40 per cent increase in its revenues in its current financial year ending March 31, 2011 over the last year, according to the Doha-based airlines chief executive officer.We are targeting a 40 per cent increase in revenues for this year, which is slightly over the increase in the airlines capacity of around 30 per cent, Akbar Al Baker, told Emirates Business. He added that the airline will experience a similar capacity increase in the following year. Marketing segmentation and target market Geographic Segmentation: Qatar Airways is currently operating in most of the regions of the world. They are presently hoping to expand their routes to include the south pacific routes of Australia and its neighboring countries. Qatar Airways is a dynamic, high service carrier, which utilizes the geographic location of its Middle Eastern hub to link 72 international cities. See the companys website for more information. Target Market Product Differentiation: Akbar Al Baker, Qatar Airways Chief Executive Officer, stated, By offering a variety of entertainment options, we are able to differentiate our passenger service through live entertainment programming while also setting new standards of comfort to ensure we are the airline of choice (Rockwell Collins, 2005, p. 1). Some of the features of differentiation are: Biggest and best business class in the Middle East Interactive Audio, Video on Demand Entertainment System Largest personal TV screens in the Middle East Electronic seat controls In-seat back massage First Middle East airline in First Class with flat beds. Current Marketing Mix (Ansoff product mix 4Ps) Product Strategy using Ansoff product mix: Services is defined as involving one party offering something that is essentially intangible and where the interaction does not result in ownership of anything (Kotler, 2008). Applying Ansoff product grid matrix, it can be said that Qatar airlines is still in market penetration. This is because the airline as was shown in the introductory section of the work, has projected the number of aircraft it wish to buy before 2012. The attributes of a company in growth stage of company life cycle is expansionary qualities. The attributes of market penetration strategy in which Qatar airways are using include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Maintain or increase the market share of current products this can be achieved by a combination of competitive pricing strategies, advertising, sales promotion and perhaps more resources dedicated to personal selling As part of this growth plan, Qatar Airways will extend its route network to 50 destinations by the end of 2003. It has recently added Manchester and Rome to its increasing route network. It will soon be adding Shanghai, Seoul and Tripoli to its route network. (Airhighways Magazine, 2005, p. 1). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Secure dominance of growth markets. Qatar airlines have been known to dominate the ever busy African- Middle east air routes. The company always has some flights available from any part of Africa to the Gulf States. The topology of the area has encouraged the airline to operate in product penetration strategy of Ansoff product grid. Its sparsely populated area has encouraged travelling by air for intra-regional transport. Furthermore, a high per capita income that is still increasing quickly, offers a base for a strong aviation industry. But there are socio-economic constraints, limiting both domestic leisure and business travel potential. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Increase usage by existing customers for example by introducing loyalty schemes .A market penetration marketing strategy is very much about business as usual. The business is focusing on markets and products it knows well. It is likely to have good information on competitors and on customer needs. It is unlikely, therefore, that this strategy will require much investment in new market research. There is no evidence that Qatar airways is investing on market research because they are not expanding into unknown routes such as Kula-lumpur Sydney route. Pricing Strategy: Going-rate-pricing strategy Presently Qatar airline practice what is called Going-rate-pricing strategy. The market leader in the middle- east airline industry remains Emirates. Qatar charges its fare based on the price of Emirates which is slightly higher. This is because being the market follower, Qatar does not need to disturb the established market dynamism because it might not be able to compete on the same level with Emirates. Comparing the price of Qatar and Emirates, on the same route of Kuala-lumpur (Malaysia) Johannesburg ( South Africa): Price of Qatar Airways on 21st Nov returning on 23rd Dec from Kuala-Lumpur to Johannesburg Price of Emirates on 21st Nov returning on 23rd Dec from Kuala-Lumpur to Johannesburg Promotion Strategy Qatar airlines are not practicing product differentiation but it is practicing promotion differentiation. According to its chief Executive Officer Akbar Al Baker he said that Qatar By offering a variety of entertainment options, we are able to differentiate our passenger service through live entertainment programming while also setting new standards of comfort to ensure we are the airline of choice (Rockwell Collins, 2005, p. 1). Some of their promotion strategies are as listed below and experienced by its passengers are as Biggest and best business class in the Middle East Interactive Audio, Video on Demand Entertainment System Largest personal TV screens in the Middle East Electronic seat controls In-seat back massage First Middle East airline in First Class with flat beds Qatar has engaged the services of Global media industries to help spread the good news. Such TV, Corporate Videos, BBC Campaign to position it as a premium carrier, CNN testimonials from airline staff, Sky News reports as a sponsor of the weather service and Sponsors a travel show through Al-Jazeera. Qatar is a major sponsor of high profile sporting activities such as World Tourism Day, World Travel and Tourism Council Summit, World Economic Forum, Leading International sports events. Qatar airlines was the official sponsor of 15th Asian Games, Doha 2006. The company has come up with a new product called Flying Oryx Newsletter that it distributes to travel agents. The newsletter is also available through its websites. More links could be established to the newsletter through the Internet. The airlines also give away products to passengers that promote the logo of the Burgundy Oryx and Taking you personally, such as watches, computer mouse and hand towels. .Place Strategy: This places a little impact on the business strategy of Qatar. Qatar airways like any other airways have developed a system of getting their ticket. Unlike the normal businesses, whose distribution channel goes from the manufacturer wholesaler-retailer-consumer. The normal business cycle Qatar airline and other airways are from the airline operators to consumers when online booking is done or through traveler agent. Airline operator Airline operator Manufacturer Wholesaler Travelling Agent Consumer Retailer Consumer Consumer Traditional Supply channel Online booking channel Intermediary booking channel Marketing Implementation Budget (short long term projections) Qatar airlines being a government company operates a closed system whereby no one knows their financial projections. But based on Boeings Economic Overview fort the next 20 years, the company predicts an overall economic growth of the international airlines industry will be at 2.9%, the international growth in passenger traffic will be 4.8%, and the largest area of growth will be in cargo at 6.2%. Although the industry will still face highs and lows, which is inherent, the Boeing report says that the long-term outlook is that of positive growth. Part of the factors of positive growth are globalization, increases in international trade, growth of GDP, the liberalizing of regulations in various countries to allow more access and services. World GDP growth is at 2.9% and this is one of the major factors for the growth in the airlines industry. According to that same report, the GDP growth in the Middle East is 3.6%, and growth in the passenger traffic is estimated at 5.5%. Of course, th is growth in higher in regions where the GDP is higher. Other factors affecting increased growth in the Middle East are increasing populations and the belief that oil costs will be sustainable long-term. Integrated Marketing Plan Low cost Qatar airways have the leverage to engage in more competitive prices that what they are offering presently. They should borrow a leave from what Qantas did. Qantas came up with a low cost carrier called JETSTAR. The low cost strategy can compete in the low cost flight category of the airline industry while the parent company keeps their normal standard. Alliances Qatar airways have the brand image to form strategic alliances with many similar airlines where they can get the benefits of economics of scale. This might come in the form choosing one airline company in the continent to form a loop. They might borrow a look from what Singapore airlines deed as shown below. Singapore Airlines Air New Zealand Star Alliance Diners Club Avis Singapore Airlines alliance network; strategic alliance, follower ( Kotler Pg 812, 2008) Reduction of booking agents Commissions and other incentives to sales staff add to the operational cost of the company. These costs either passed on to the customers or absorbed by the organization lowers the margins of the company. The company should come up with a structure of appointing GSA (General Sales Agent) in major cities and towns. They might even pass it to the post office to sale for them since they post office has their fixed cost already running. Web Friendly Site The company should as a matter of urgency design a friendly user web site. Their current web site is not user friendly. They should borrow a cue at Airasia website. Airasia website is fast, user friendly and updates every minutes. This has greatly encouraged customers to use the web more frequently than physical office space thereby limiting people or place contacts to the barest minimum. Conclusion For Middle Eastern players, there are three potential sources of passenger demand. Firstly, domestic demand originating in the Gulf region can add to fill fleets and airports. Secondly, demand can arise from foreign passengers that are bound for Middle Eastern countries may they be leisure or business travelers. And thirdly, stop-over travel that is using the Middle Eastern airports as hubs and that is heading for destinations beyond the Gulf countries can be a source of demand. These factors are favorable to Qatar airlines. However, responding to the growth processes in the Middle East only by cutting costs is an insufficient strategy for the incumbent players. Pricing systems, for example, have been developed in decade-long processes and are difficult to copy. Other important fields and assets for reaction are strategic networks and co-operations, frequent flyer programs and booking systems.

bloodmac Gratuitous Use of Blood Images and Imagery in Shakespeares M

Effective Use of Blood Imagery in Macbeth  Ã‚   Gratuitous use of blood is the staple of most murder scenes. Perhaps this technique was first developed by Shakespeare for his play Macbeth. The blood imagery used in Macbeth, adds to the horror of the play. There are several examples of this throughout the play. The first noteworthy example occurs in the second scene after the murder of Duncan, when Macbeth is trying to wash the blood from his hands. The second example occurs in the third scene when Macbeth refers to the king’s gory wounds. The third and final occurrence involving blood imagery takes place in scene four while Ross is talking to Macduff about the murder. As a whole, all of these blatant examples of blood imagery help to augment the gruesome atmosphere of the play. In the second scene, after the murder of Duncan, Macbeth is trying to wash the blood from his hands, "Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood clean from my hand?" This adds a lot to atmosphere of the play in that it implies that it would take Neptune’s entire ocean to wash the substantial amount ...

Offset Printing History

1 History of Printing Presses Printing is a method of transferring an image to surfaces for the purpose of communication. A printing press is a mechanical apparatus for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium. The invention of the printing press is considered as the most influential event in the second millennium revolutionizing the way people learn and communicate. Rubbings from stone inscriptions were an early reproduction method in which images were carved into stone, similar to the gravure process.The substrate, which was a thin strong paper, was moistened to make it soft . A kind of adhesive is placed on the surface of the stone. The paper is placed over the surface of the stone and a stiff brush is used to rub the paper over the stone and into every depression of the stone. Ink is applied over the paper after it was dried. The paper is peeled off from the stone and a reversed image within black ink was revealed. Stone rubbings were used to print books, especially religious texts and historic classics. Drawing materials include charcoal, inksticks, graphite and wax.Seal Printing and the Origin of Letterpress Printing The Chinese also used a method of reproducing images that is similar to our present-day rubber stamp method (Fig. 1:1) called seal printing. Before seal printing was invented, the Chinese used a receipt-like system to transact business. Two ends of a bamboo stick were written in duplicate for a particular business transaction. When the transaction was completed, the bamboo stick was broken and each member would receive a record of the transaction. For nobility, the emperor provided a token of jade.The jade was broken and one half was given to the subject and the other half kept by the emperor. A seal stamp made of clay eventually replaced the tokens. One method of seal stamping was to force an impression into a surface with the seals. The other method was to ink the seal and transfer the wet inked image to a substrate . Presswork and Bindery Processes 1 An early form of seal printing was the use of signet stones. These stones were used in Babylon and other ancient countries as an alternative for signatures and as religious symbols. These stones or devices consisted of seals and stamps for making images on clay.The stone, often located on a ring, was dabbed with pigment or mud and then pressed against a smooth surface to make an impression. Fig. 1:1. Chinese seal and print. Fig. 1:2. Chinese ink stick. Block Printing in China The Chinese developed a method of printing in the fifth century in which a wooden block was used to reproduce images on certain surfaces over and over again. Wooden blocks were made from coniferous wood, honey locust trees, jujube trees, boxwood, and date and pear trees. Each tree had advantages and disadvantages as far as printing was concerned.The coniferous wood trees had a problem of uneven printing because of resin that was impregnated in the wood. If delicate and fine l ine images in illustrations were required, the honey locust tree was used. For text, the soft boxwood was used, while the pear tree provided the best wood to use for various types of images, followed closely by jujube and date trees. Blocks were soaked in water for about a month after they were cut. If the blocks were needed in a hurry, they were boiled, left to dry, and then planed on both sides. Some printers used both sides of the blocks.The printer had to cut away all portions of the block except the image area (Fig. 1:3). All images had to be carved backwards so that when printed on a substrate, the images would appear correctly for reading. The wood carver had to be very skillful in carving text and illustrations backward. These blocks marked the invention of letterpress printing. The non-image areas of the block are below the surface of the form, and the image areas are on the surface of the form. The printing method was simple. Ink was rubbed on the surface of the form with a brush (Fig. 1:3).A sheet of paper was then placed over the form with gentle pressure so it could receive the images . A dry brush was used to press the sheet against the form. It must be noted that the original paper was so thin that usually only one side was printed. Because the paper was very translucent, blank sides of the printed sheets were placed back to back in publications. 2 Presswork and Bindery Processes Fig. 1:3. Chinese wooden block printing. Fig. 1:4. The Diampond Sutra. A color technique was developed during this time. Color separated blocks were carved and printed in register with other color-separated blocks and text as well.This was the first attempt at multicolor printing. An important invention in printing technology occurred during the Song Dynasty. It was the invention of movable-type printing. A commoner by the name of Pi Sheng used movable-type blocks for printing during the Qingli years (1041-1048) of the Northern Song. This invention ushered in an era of movable-type printing and is a significant milestone in the history of printing. This invention soon died in China because it was very complex. The invention soon found its way to Europe in the fifteenth century. Movable TypeAn alternate method of reproduction called movable type was developed in the eleventh century in China. This method was established well after the wooden block method, which came around the fifth century. Movable type consists of individual letters, characters, and symbols creating a language or an alphabet (Fig. 1:5). These elements could be used in the printing of one form, and then be taken apart and used to print other forms. The thousands of different characters in the Chinese language made the use of movable type cumbersome and slow. The Chinese writing system was a pictographic and ideographic method of communication.The Chinese alphabet system consisted of almost forty-thousand characters. Each character represented something in real life such as trees, animals, and pottery. Pi Sheng is given credit for the invention of movable type. He used clay and carved individual characters. The carved letters were put into fire to harden them. A metal frame with a mixture of wax was used as a base for evening out the surface of the type. The typefaces were set close to each other to make up a form of type. The entire block of type was then forced into the waxed metal tray and planed down with a smooth board after the wax was melted down in an open flame.Presswork and Bindery Processes 3 Pi Sheng reasoned that each type or character was to be used over and over again. One advantage of the movable type method is that characters could be deleted or inserted without throwing the entire form away. Fig. 1:5. Chinese movable type. Fig. 1:6. Movable type printed document. The Middle Ages in Europe Before 1450, the majority of books in Europe were produced by the arduous task of manuscript writing and recopying. The few exceptions were books that were printed by the wooden-block method, which was introduced into Europe by the year 1400. This slow, laborious process required skillful workers.Block printing was also used for illustrations in books (Fig. 1:3) and in the printing of playing cards. During this era, a period that saw little or no advancement in the arts or sciences became known as the Dark ages. This period was also marked by a lack of communication. Monks, who worked in monastery rooms called scriptoriums or writeries, produced the majority of books written during the Dark Ages. The religious scribes were responsible for the recording of history and the production of books, as well as most other intellectual activity during this period. The bookmaking trade was highly specialized.Books were elaborately decorated with colored initials, and they often displayed special gems, precious stones, and gold on their covers. Books were scarce and the average person could not afford them. In addition, most people could not read or write in Europe during this era. During the Dark Ages, books were highly illustrated, since this facilitated communication. Many illustrations were featured in religious books as well as on playing cards. These illustrations were engraved in wood or metal, inked, and impressed on the sheet, a process that required great skill. There is proof 4 Presswork and Bindery Processes hat blocks were exchanged between printers. Several illustrations appeared in different publications. The same images were often used to illustrate different subjects. Type and illustrations at first were printed in two separate impressions because they were produced at different heights. Over time, type and illustrations were produced at the same height. The Renaissance era, a period that was marked by an intellectual awakening, began around the thirteenth century. People began to study the sciences and the arts and to explore their environment. Many discoveries were being made, and people wanted to have kn owledge of new ideas.Fig. 1:7. Statue of Gutenberg. Fig. 1:8. Gutenberg style screw press. Fig. 1:9. The Gutenberg Bible. The Gutenberg Era (1397-1468) During the Renaissance, people experimented with methods for the faster reproduction of books. One result of these experiments was the successful use of movable cast type and a press in printing by Johannes Gutenberg (Fig. 1:7). The invention was revolutionary for several reasons. European languages, in contrast to those of Asia, were alphabetic. They consisted of relatively few characters, such as the twenty-six letters of English.This small number of different characters made the use of individualcharacter types (movable type) practical. Casting each character in quantity from a mold and using a press for printing permitted very fast reproduction of written materials. Through experiments and innovations, Gutenberg perfected the printing process before the famous printing of the bible. Each page printed had thirtysix lines per page. Later the lines per page increased to forty-two. Because of this invention, printing soon spread rapidly throughout Europe. Books became plentiful because they could be printed more quickly.Many persons could now afford books, and printing fulfilled the demand. Intellectual activity and learning began anew. Because of the impact of books on the culture of Europe at this time, printing became recognized as the art that preserves all the arts. The following reasons help to further explain the importance of the invention of movable type: 1. With movable type, a greater degree of accuracy was possible. 2. The supply of books increased greatly. Over twenty thousand volumes for one book could be produced in one year. Presswork and Bindery Processes 5 3. Because books were plentiful, they were affordable.They became readily accessible among all classes of people. 4. The invention of printing stimulated the desire for learning. The invention of printing, more than any other invention, was credited with bringing Europe out of the Dark Ages. 5. A standard alphabet was in place. Despite many languages on the European continent, thousands could share from the same invention. Presses were set up in Holland, France, England, and other European nations. 6. Gutenberg invented a press (Fig. 1:8) fashioned from a wine press. Ink pads, which were made of leather stuffed with wool or horsehair, were used to apply ink to the form. . The ink that Gutenberg used was have been made from linseed oils and lampblack. Later it was discovered that traces of lead, titanium, and copper were also used. Gutenberg could not use the India ink produced in China, because it did not print well from metal types. 8. Gutenberg’s own contribution was a punch and mold system for producing metal types. This method created the mass distribution of movable types for printing. Despite the accomplishments of Gutenberg and other European printers, we cannot forget the Chinese influences on their inve ntions.These inventions eventually made their way to Europe via explorers, who came back with startling discoveries, including paper, playing cards, movable type, block printing, image prints, and paper money. The printing trade was not profitable. Gutenberg himself did not become rich from his innovations and contribution to the world. The problem lay in the marketing of books in Europe during that time. Although the demand for books and other printed matter was great, methods to market and transport books needed to be developed. Early European Printers (Graphic Arts Procedures) 460 Strasburg, Germany †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Johann Mentelin 1464 Strasburg, Germany †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Heinrich Eggestein 1465 Subiaco, Italy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Conrad Sweynhem 1467 Rome, Italy. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Ulrich Han 1468 Basel, Switzerland †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Berthold Rappel 1469 Venice, Italy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Johann of Speyer 1470 Venice, Italy . †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Nicholas Jenson 1470 Paris, France. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Michael Fibiger 1473 Nuremberg, Germany †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Anthony Koberger 1473 Utrecht, Netherlands †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Gerardus Leempt 1473 Lyons, France †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ .Guillaume Leroy 1494 Venice, Italy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Aldus Manutius 1497 Paris, France †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Henri Estienne 6 Presswork and Bindery Processes Fifteenth Century PrintingPrinting was a very important invention during the Renaissance era. The key to the invention of printing lies in the manufacturing of movable type. This technology had to be perfected in order for the printing process to be developed. A few inventors worked on the development of movable type. A punch of a particular type style and size had to be produced. This punch was used i n making an impression of the typeface in a mold. The mold was made from copper, which is soft enough to receive the impression from a steel punch, but durable enough to withstand the heat from the molten metal that was poured into it to produce the type.The punch itself had a reversed character, which was reversed into the matrix as a positive recessed character. A wrong reading character was produced from the casting of molten metal in the mold. The person that produced the punch was often the designer of the typeface. Fig. 1:10. Fifteenth century typesetting and type casting (Cary Collection). The term unjustified matrix or strike was referred to as matrix that was produced by depressing the punch within the copper. The term matrix is used after the copper with its impression is fitted within the mold for casting (Fig. 1:10).The goal in the casting of type was to produce type of equal height. This was necessary in order for printers to obtain an even impression with few difficult ies. The matrix and its fitting within the mold were the key factor in the controlling of the type height. This was accomplished by using the same mold throughout the manufacturing of a font. In addition to the type height, the paralleling or the side-by-side placement of the type was also important. If type were not produced on a square body, then it would not stand straight and would slant when locked together with other characters. Presswork and Bindery Processes 7Molds were made up of two parts and screwed together in a parallel adjustment. In this way the mold could accommodate matrix of varying size. During the hand casting process, a worker could face shrinking of type, uneven filling of the molten metal in the mold, and injury from the heat of the molten metal. The process was slow, but the type could be used for thousands of jobs. By the mid-nineteenth century, automatic methods replaced the manual methods of typecasting. Workflow in the Fifteenth Century The workflow in th e fifteenth century included composition, imposition, printing, and binding.In the composition stage, once the text was decided on to print, then the volume of copy was determined. Lines per page as well as the total number of pages for the job were determined. The printer would then know how much paper was needed for the job. The compositor set the type for the job using a composing stick. Every time the stick was filled, the lines were transferred to a metal tray called a galley. Pages were formed in the galley. Pages in the fifteenth century were arranged on large stones in printer spreads. Pages were enclosed by wooden pieces, which are called furniture.A metal frame called a chase surrounds all pages and furniture. To secure the form, locks or quoins were used. One page with no printing on the other side was called a broadside. Two pages were called a folio; four pages, a quarto; and eight pages, an octavo. A pressman pulled a proof sheet from the imposed form (Fig. 1:11). The proof was given over to a corrector and a reader. The reader read the original copy as the corrector trailed along on the proof sheet to ensure that the text was the same. This process continued until all corrections were found and changed.Because of these continuous changes, no single copy of an early printed book is identical to any other. Fig. 1:11. Fifteenth century printing (Cary Collection). Paper was prepared the day before the actual press run. Piles of sheets each were set out, wetted, and allowed to stand overnight. This was necessary because the common screw presses of the time did not have enough power in them to force dry paper to evenly take the ink. 8 Presswork and Bindery Processes Two pressmen were involved in the printing process. One applied ink to the type, and the other pulled the bar and worked the paper.Pulling the bar required a lot of energy and printers would take turns in this process. Ink balls were used to applied ink to the form. These ink balls were ma de of leather pads, mounted in wooden cups and handles, and stuffed with wool or horsehair; they were then covered with a sheepskin pelt. Ink balls were inked, and ink was placed over the form in a rocking motion. A sheet of paper was then laid on the tympan. The tympan, paper, and frisket were folded together onto the form. The pressman then pulled the bar toward himself. This caused the turning of the screw, drawing the platen down and forcing the paper against the inked form.It sometimes took two pulls to print one form. The carriage was cranked out from under the platen. The tympan and frisket were raised, and the paper was removed. Sheets of paper were printed on the reverse side immediately while the sheet was still damp. Printing on both sides of the sheet is called perfecting. After the job was printed, the compositor cleaned the ink off the forms, unlocked the type, and distributed the type into the cases. Printed sheets were sent to a drying room and hung up in sets to dry . They were then piled into heaps on a long table and collated by signatures.Next they were folded once, pressed, and baled for delivery or storage. Fig. 1:12. Adams power platen press. Fig. 1:12a Early inking apparatus. Evolution of inking rollers. Fig. 1:13. Ink balls. Fig. 1:14. Ink brayer. Fig. 1:15. Inking rollers. Presswork and Bindery Processes 9 The Power Platen Press In 1830, Isaac Adams of Boston invented a press, which combined the advantages of the hand press and a press that could print larger forms. The platen on this press was stationary with the bed of the press rising to make contact with the platen to print.The form would be inked when the bed of the press returned to its lowest position. At this point the inking rollers would transfer ink over the printing form. A frisket was used to carry the sheet to the printing position (Fig. 1:12). The average speed of these presses was around 800 sheets per hour. Inking rollers evolved from a hand frame with two handles auto matically inking rollers, to the use of vibrating rollers to drive the rollers in the unit. An earlier method of inking employed a â€Å"roller boy† or an â€Å"assistant pressman†. Soon the inking apparatus (See Fig. :12a) was run by power, which was signaled by the action of the bed moving up and down. The Job Presses Job work consist of smaller work such as tickets, circulars, business cards and bills. This type of work became problematic for hand-press printing where the demand was in place for smaller, faster and more accessible presses. One of the first job presses was called the Adams press. This press did not meet the qualifications that were needed to run smaller job work. S. P. Ruggles of Boston introduced a series of presses in 1830. They were known as â€Å"card presses†.The card press was manufactured with a flat side on the side of a cylinder supported between side frames. A second flat surface known as the â€Å"platen† was directly across from the bed of the press. Rollers on the press, which traveled around the cylinder, did the inking. The largest press sheet on the press could accommodate a press sheet of 6† X 9†. Other notable presses include: The Albion Press of 1835 (Fig. 1:19), The Paragon Press of 1829 (Fig. 1:17), the Stanhope Press of 1816 (Fig. 1:20) and the Chandler and Price Platen Press of the early 1900s (Fig. 1:18). Harrison T. Chandler and William H.Price founded Chandler and Price Company in 1881 in Cleveland, Ohio. Chandler and Price manufactured machinery for printers including hand-fed platen jobbing presses, paper cutters, book presses, and assorted equipment. Fig. 1:16. Clymer-Columbian Press. Fig. 1:17. Paragon Press. 10 Presswork and Bindery Processes Fig. 1:18. Chandeler & Price Press. Fig. 1:19. Albion Press. Fig. 1:20. Stanhope Press. Many job presses came out with several improvements over the years. These improvements included: †¢ Larger press sheet sizes. †¢ Faster press speeds. †¢ Better synchronization of the bed and the platen. Improvement in the inking roller application. †¢ Better impression devices. †¢ Automatic feeding and delivery. The newspapers were printed on wooden hand presses operated by levers and screws. It was not until around 1816 that the new iron Columbian press came into general use. The Columbian press (Fig. 1:16), invented by George Clymer of Philadelphia, had, instead of a screw, a series of compound levers that multiplied the pull of the operator. All hand presses were slow. The forms had to be laid by hand and the inking of the form was notably poor and of uneven quality. Web Offset DevelopmentWith the nineteenth century came the addition of the steam-powered press, the cylinder press and the web press. An American inventor by the name of William A. Bullock (Fig. 1:32), patented the web press. The web press printed from rolls of paper rather than from individual sheets. This was followed by another Ame rican invention, the continuous roll press, devised by Richard M. Hoe. This device sped up the production of newspapers to around 18,000 newspapers an hour. In 1871 Hoe (Fig. 1:30) and company turned their attention to constructing a press that would feed a continuous roll of paper and print on both sides of the fed paper.They petitioned ink manufacturers for the development of fast drying inks. Paper manufacturers were asked to produce rolls of paper with Presswork and Bindery Processes 11 Fig. 1:21. William Bullock Web Press. Fig. 1:22. Web Perfecting Newspaper Press. Fig. 1:23. Turn bars Assembly on a Web Press. 12 Presswork and Bindery Processes Fig. 1:24. Web Press Infeed Section. uniform strength. But there were other problems that needed to be solved including the severing of sheets after printing and an accurate delivery of papers. Stephen D. Tucker, who was an employee of Hoe and Company, patented the gathering and delivery mechanism.This mechanism produced flat rapid deliv ery of printed sections. The web presses operated at speeds as fast as 18,000 impressions per hour. This finishing device was necessary for the production of â€Å"fold ready† products for immediate delivery by carrier or mail. The finishing steps were done â€Å"inline† or on the same piece of equipment. Initially equipment similar to the traditional folding machine was used. Conveyor belts would carry the sheet to right angle folding units, which were made up of folding rollers until the desired folded format was completed. Then in 1875 Stephen D.Tucker patented a rotating folding cylinder. This device folded the papers as fast as they were printed approaching speeds of 15,000 per hour. Paper enters from two rolls into two portions of the press. The web is printed (perfected) on both sides of the sheet and traveled towards the rotating folded cylinder. The sheets entered a triangular former, which folds the sheets at a predetermined place on center of the sheets. The sheets were then taken over a second cylinder, which gave it another fold. A knife then severed the sheet separating it from the web.The folded section traveled down a conveyor belt to be manually removed, wrapped and shipped Cylinder Press Invention William Nicholson received a patent for an idea for press in 1790 in which a form is to be placed on a cylinder over a flat bed. The substrate is fed between the bed and the impression cylinder to receive an image. The application of ink was done with rollers on this press. The rollers was composed of cloth covered with leather. Nicholson's envision for this press was far ahead of his time. Nicholson did not have a method for producing curved letterpress plates to fit around a cylinder.The securing of the plate for printing was another mystery at that time that would have to be figured out. In 1814, Frederick Koenig invented the first automatic press (Fig. 1:25). Frederick Koenig was a clock maker by trade. Koenig’s first press was actually patented in 1810. The entire bed moved laterally, and the form received ink from a set of inking rollers placed at one end of the press. The key to the automation of this press was the metal gripper finger, which in essence replaced human fingers for providing sheets to the press. Before this time, presses had been fed by hand.The automatic press was powered by steam and was used in printing the Times of London. It printed approximately 800 sheets per hour, an amazing feat in the 19th century and adequate for the population of that time. Thomas Bensley, a printer and Andrew Bauer a mechanic, assisted Koenig. They invented a press with a bed that moved laterally with the form and an impression cylinder that pressed the wet inked image on the substrate. The impression nip, or the area that prints at any given time, is very small on a cylinder press, resulting in a much better image transferred to the substrate.More importantly, this invention prevented many injuries and d amage to the press because operators were not in close contact with the moving parts on the press. Presswork and Bindery Processes 13 Fig. 1:25. Koenig’s cylinder press. Fig. 1:26 Hoe’s cylinder press. Fig. 1:27. Battery of cylinder presses. 14 Presswork and Bindery Processes Fig. 1:28 Advertisement of a cylinder press. Richard Hoe and the Rotary Press Richard Hoe (Fig. 1-30) was born in New York City. He went to work for his father, who manufactured printing presses. His father experimented with cylinder presses until his retirement in 1830.Richard carried on this work after his father retired in 1830. He invented the single cylinder press, which was capable of printing 200 copies per hour. Hoe also introduced the double cylinder press in 1844, known today as the rotary press. One cylinder carried the type to be printed while the other cylinder carried the paper and provided printing pressure so that the image could be transferred to the substrate. Rotary presses requ ires curve metal letterpress plates. The difficulty of making these curved plates slowed the acceptance and growth of rotary presses.Curved stereotype plates were accepted and used by 1870. The rotary press became the press of choice for newspaper reproduction, business forms, catalogues and magazines. A flying splicer was introduced for the continuous printing of publications without the need of stopping the press. This device changed the rolls by attaching a new roll to and expired roll. Hoe also invented an additional press in 1847 (Fig. 1-30), which featured a type form and four cylinders for carrying the sheets through the press. It is interesting to note that a boy, who fed sheets to the cylinder, also attended each cylinder.This press produces prints at the rate of 8,000 sheets per hour. Hoe is also credited with the invention of a web perfecting press. This press feeds from rolls of paper and is printed on both sides of the sheet. The presses were powered for the most part b y steam. Electric power took over in the nineteenth century as the main power source for presses. Presswork and Bindery Processes 15 Fig. 1:30 Richard Hoe (left) and his six rotary press (above). Fig. 1:31. Richard Hoe web press. Fig. 1:32. William Bullock. 16 Presswork and Bindery Processes Fig. 1:33. William Bullock’s rotary press.

The Endless Shildhood Of Christopher Mccandless English Literature Essay

One of my friends is so annoyed at society that he decides to swim across the Pacific Ocean in the dark with 60 lbs of rice. What would you experience about this friend of mine? Is he a airy, or merely a psycho? Krakauer ‘s book â€Å" Into the Wild † A is a existent narrative about such an highly idealistic immature adult male, Christopher McCandless, who behaved precisely like my friend. McCandless leaves his comfort zone to go through some of those black and bare countries to seek his intimacy to nature as a manner of demoing his ripening. Tragically, he is wounded in Alaska, deep in the forests, and dies in an derelict Fairbanks metropolis coach where he camps out. So does Christopher McCandless truly turn up? Some people regard him as a hero, stating what he did interrupt an unseeable concatenation that sentimentally locks him up, and the load he feels from his parents and society. He goes on to happen his ain manner, though non the same manner as we normally do. Even though he ne'er succeeds, he deserves our regard since one has to hold an tremendous bravery to step out of the safety and the societal parturiency. But what I think, there is nil romantic about him, running off from the universe, wholly unprepared, merely for penalizing his parents and all of those who â€Å" do n't understand † ? His narrative is tragic and thought provoking, non romantic. I merely feel sorry for his household. Krakauer mentioned a batch of similar unattached immature work forces who runs off from their household trusting to happen happiness and peace in the wild, or possibly merely to pull attending. â€Å" Entering the wilderness purposefully ill-prepared, and lasting a near-death experience does non do you a better homo, it makes you curse lucky † . ( Krakauer, page 71 ) Almost to everyone, those are troublesome childs, wholly idealistic, and unprepared to last on their ain. Harmonizing to writers all of them about stop up died in similar state of affairss. Comparing to McCandless and those cats, Wayne Westerberg at the maize factory is what adulthood is truly approximately. For Chris, the poulet in the microwave is a good illustration ; it ‘s the â€Å" romantic † semblance that causes many work forces like Chris to lose their lives. Again like Wayne Westerberg who thinks of and care about everyone, adulthood is about loving and caring for others. Christopher McCandless does non understand the significance of love. He unwisely chooses to walk into the shrubs for a self-destructive decease. After graduation, he disappeared, left his household in choler. Mature people would ne'er make that to others they love, even if they have jobs with them. Would it be that difficult to drop a message, to give a phone call, or merely make anything? Chris could merely state, â€Å" I ‘m still alive, and I ‘ve decided to populate off route for a piece, but I will ever be in touch. â€Å" A Yet he â€Å" gives off a little luck, abandon a loving household, abandoned his auto, ticker and map and burned the last of his money before shleping off into the ‘wilderness ‘ West of Healy † ( Krakauer, page 71 ) , which would merely do his household think something bad had happened. All those actions are non epic, and surely non inspirational. He does n't convey a compass, neither does he brings a elaborate map, but sardonically he chooses to populate in this coach. He can ne'er happen a manner to truly flight from the society. He will merely remain in the charming coach for a short 112 yearss, and die anonymously for that. ( Sparknotes ) He ne'er values his life plenty to hold on merely a few basic accomplishments to last, so how can we state he is mature? What truly inspirational are people or heroes who live in the natural state but still care about people they love. Dick Proenneke is one of them, who started his venture in theA wilderness of Alaska when he was already past 50. He finally used fundamental tools to construct a cabin, ate what he hunted, fished or grown, etc. And he lasted it for 30 old ages. Even though he had a guy bead him supplies, what he did was still truly inspirational. He frequently went back to see his household, sharing his love for the out-of-doorss and adventure.A ( Wikipedia ) Compared with Dick Proenneke, Chris is much more of a cockamamie male child. He has ne'er had a elaborate program to travel back or any supply backup. I ne'er mean to be violative to the McCandless household, but any one with limited resource life in the wild alone is a self-destructive effort, although I ‘m certain they ‘ve ( his household members ) shared with the same ideas. ( Endnotes ) In any dictionary, we can happen similar accounts to the word â€Å" mature † . It is â€Å" one that is to the full developed or ripe. † ( Oxford English Dictionary ) But how can we specify that we are to the full developed? We begin our internal growing the twenty-four hours we come to the Earth. As clip goes by, our experience accumulates, but we still run into new challenges, new troubles and new escapades. We are ne'er experienced plenty to cover with all those fresh things we confront. So, what is existent mature? In my sentiment, to be mature is to act responsibly, to face challenges carefully, and to love people wholeheartedly. Adults are non kids any more. We can non merely state, â€Å" It ‘s non my concern † and escape like a coward when confronting dangers and troubles. There is no room to compromise, but merely to endeavor frontward. We have to cognize what is fear, what may ache us. We have to take into consideration of all the effects and acc ept the worst consequence. When we choose to take the undertaking, no affair how difficult it is, we will lodge to it until we have the right reply. And besides accept it no affair that reply is happy or non. That is what a mature adult male should make, with unagitated attitude and passion. Most of all, a existent mature individual understands the power of love. S/he cares about others, does things in their favour, and even by making that means to scarify him or herself. Whatever he does, he cares about feelings of people around him or his opposite number. Those are my definitions of a mature adult male, a none-perfect but a healthily developed individual. Comparisons to the mature group of people, a just sum of juvenile people in this universe feels that they non necessitate others ‘ love like McCandless. Possibly because they have been turned down when they are small, or possibly they have beenA deridedA with teasing comments. By distancing themselves from others, they are willing to experience the hurting of purdah instead than the hurting of farther, possible rejection. I am ever inquiring how do they shut the spread, either by seeking to detect their ain value, self-respect so that they can accept a new relationship or merely by leting the emptiness of despairing topographic points to protect them from farther hurt? ( Endnotes ) A Sadly, McCandless chooses the 2nd one, wastes his life. â€Å" He tried excessively difficult to do sense of the universe, to calculate out why people were bad to each other so frequently. † ( Krakauer, page18 ) He could hold done something more meaningful with his comfortable life alternati vely of making nil. But he ‘s hunted by an imbecile thought to populate off land in Alaska with every bit small resource as possible. It seems to me every bit amusing as Timothy Treadwell ‘s phantasy life with wild Grizzlies. ( Wikipedia ) There are still a batch of people like Chris today who pays a monetary value for their immatureness. One narrative published last hebdomad on Yahoo intelligence is about the decease of a follower to McCandeless. â€Å" Cavalrymans say 29-year-old Claire Jane Ackermann attempted to traverse the Teklanika River with a 27-year-old adult male from France on Saturday when they lost their terms and were pulled under by the current, and the adult male survived. † ( AP intelligence ) Not until the minute McCandeless realizes â€Å" Happy merely existent when shared † ( Krakauer, page 178 ) does he complete his ultimate transmutation to a responsible mature adult male. But his life shortly ends in tragic, which is a rough duty for him to take. What promising is we readers have seen him eventually grew up even merely before he dies. â€Å" He was ready, possibly, to cast a small of the armour he wore around his bosom, that upon returning to civilisation, he intended to go a member of the human community. † ( Krakauer, Page 179 ) He eventually understands the importance of the function love plays in the mature would. If there is an after-life, we are certain that Chris will understand the significance of adulthood and will be more mature.Sources: 1.Enote Editors. â€Å" Enote on Into the Wild. † Enote.com/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.enotes.com/into-wild. 2.SparkNotes Editors. â€Å" SparkNote on Into the Wild. † SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. 2002. Web. 1 Oct. 2010. 3.Yahoo News. â€Å" Swiss adult female drowns in Alaska river near site from the book † / hypertext transfer protocol: //www.journalpioneer.com/Canada — -World/Arts/2010-08-17/article-1679680/Swiss-woman-drowns-in-Alaska-river-near-site-from-book, -movie, -Into-the-Wild/1. 4.Wikipedia Editors. â€Å" Wikipedia on Into The Wild. † Wikipedia.com/ hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_ ( movie ) . 5.Wikipedia Editors. â€Å" Wikipedia on coming of age. † Wikipedia.com/ hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_of_age. degree Fahrenheit

The 11 Best Sites to Find Summer Internship

The 11 Best Sites to Find Summer Internship Summer is just around the corner, and that means it’s time to buckle down and think about what you’re going to do with your semester off. While you could spend it drinking beer and playing ping-pong, you could turn this summer into career crack by applying for the perfect internship for your future. Don’t know where to start? No worries. We’ve outlined the best free websites that will help you spend your summer wisely. #1 Way Up This site boasts a network of more than 250 universities and business partners, from Stanford to Nestle. The elaborate matching process ensures that you are fitted to the right company for your career goals. #2 Intern Queen This free site allows students to apply for high-profile internships in â€Å"the hippest cities† around the world. It also has an area for completing online internships in addition to internships abroad and with companies like Oprah Magazine. #3 Internships.com This site takes the basic idea of an internship search and brings it to the next level. Their â€Å"Internship Predictor† can help you pick the perfect internship based on your personality type and work style preference. #4 AAMC Summer Research Program For students who are pursuing medical education, a summer internship is vital to being accepted into the top medical schools. The Association of American Medical Colleges Summer Research Programs offers this great search option to match you up with a mentor in your chosen field to complete research between semesters. #5 Idealist For students who know that non-profit work is where they want to spend their time, there is no better place for job searching than this site. Idealist is all about helping students find the perfect paid or unpaid internship in a non-profit organization. #6 US Department of Justice Legal Internships Students preparing to enter into the legal field also need a top-notch internship to set them apart. Fortunately, the US Dept. of Justice provides this site to help you get hands-on experience with some of the most high-profile legal teams working today. #7 Media Bistro Students that are interested in careers in design, art, media, or production, Media Bistro is the perfect place to find a summer internship. This site collects internship opportunities from across the US for stations like PBS, CBS, and The Weather Channel. #8 Linkedin Internship Search For sheer volume of opportunities, no one can beat the LinkedIn Internship Search. The patented connection algorithms of LinkedIn also default to show you the most likely search results first – internships offered by people you know or their close friends. #9 FindSpark If you know that you want to spend your summer in NYC, FindSpark is the choice for you! This site is completely dedicated to internships and entry-level positions available in the City that Never Sleeps. Also, you can filter by the type of internship you want (paid, unpaid, college credit only). #10 Cool Works For the adventurous students, Cool Works is the perfect place to get great hands-on experience in the most unlikely of places. This site has both paid and unpaid internships in places like Alaska, the Adirondacks, and even on a Norwegian cruise vessel! # 11 Intern Jobs This site offers worldwide opportunities in almost every field of study. In addition, they provide a great Internship Guide to help you decide which internship will be the best for your career goals. Their Career Tools section also includes lots of great resources.

Speech to inform Essay Example

Speech to inform Essay Example Speech to inform Essay Speech to inform Essay Specific Purpose Statement To inform the audience about the powers of Photoshop, how it is used, and its effect on society Thesis Statement Photoshop is software that allows people to digitally alter photographs quickly and easily, and many times it is responsible for the decline in peoples self-esteem. Main Points 1 . Explanation of Photoshop 2. The use of Photoshop in advertisements 3. Photoshops effect on self-esteem and self-image Primary Audience Outcome I want the audience to understand the positive and negative aspects of Photoshop, and how its negative aspects have a negative impact on society Contributing Audience Outcomes I would like the audience to: 1 . Know the basic functions of Photoshop 2. Understand the gravity of its effects and how it is often misused 3. Know its influence on society and why this is wrong Introduction Imagine yourself flipping through a magazine. Some of us flip faster through the advertisements to get to the next article, and some of us take extra time analyzing the advertisements. Either way, there are certain advertisements that usually catch our eye and compel us to stop and take a closer look. No matter how beautiful you are nd no matter how confident you feel inside your body, these advertisements can make us feel less satisfied with ourselves than we felt prior to opening the magazine. Thesis/Transition The decline in peoples self esteem is, in many cases, due to the effects of digital tools such as Photoshop. I. Photoshop is software that allows people to digitally alter photographs quickly and easily. A. There are multiple tools involved in Photoshop such as the cropping tool, the rotational tool, the color tool that controls brightening and contrasting photos, the ightening and darkening tool, pixel painting tools, and a sharpening tool Coe Farace 114-115). B. This might sound like a lot of information, but Photoshop is designed to make each process very easy for its users. Each tool offers tutorials and is set up for even the most technologically challenged. Transition Photoshop is capable of so much more than simply cropping an object or enhancing its color, and advertisement agencies take full advantage of this program. II. After the photograph is uploaded to a computer the magic begins. A. Heavvy air brushing, zapping zits, brightening eyes, removing fat, and pushing the yes two inches apart are all common procedures done toa photo. a. It doesnt stop here though, because stomachs need to be flattened, breasts must be made fuller, stomachs are made perfect, limbs must be made skinnier, and waistlines need to lose inches. B. It may seem that Photoshop is only used on women, but do not be fooled! Men are photoshopped Just as frequently as women are. a. Their pectorals are enhanced, washboard abdominals are added, and heavy tweaking is also done to their biceps. C. Dorothy Snarker explains that photoshopping in the fashion ndustry can mean anything from fixing small imperfections to the wholesale creation of fictitious images D. More than 80% of advertisements are touched (Hochwarter 4). a. This is a shocking statistic, and the degree to which these photographs are touched is even more baffling. E. The photographs we look at and sigh over are not even real! a. Photoshop has the ability to morph numerous models into one ideal person. b. A few different models are often hired, who all are less than perfect looking. These models are each separately photographed for the ad and ater the photographer and editors select the body parts they like from each model and reconstruct a whole new model who now has attributes of each photographed model (Paul Frosh 5). Ill. Despite the fact that images are altered so drastically, the majority of people who view these advertisements have no idea that these people are not walking around on the streets in all their perfect essence. A. Body image and self-esteem go hand in hand and Photoshop increases body awareness and triggers body image problems (Ditch-diets-Live-light. om 1-2). a. If you are somebody who egularly skims through magazines that feature these perfect models, it is highly likely that you will start comparing yourself to them. B. Since children are subjected to various forms of false advertisement on an every day basis, they often find it difficult to escape their floundering self-esteem issues. a. When children are young they are extra vulnerable, and these are the people who suffer from the images media displays. Since children are trying so hard to look like the models they see in advertisements, they often find themselves sinking to extreme levels. Today, many people find themselves victims of various eating disorders, and I feel it would be completely appropriate to blame advertisement agencies for this C. Before Photoshop took such dominance in the advertising business, people still admired the models featured in advertisements. They would strive to get fit and would try to mimic hairstyles they saw in the magazines. However, this was healthy because the models displayed then were natural women. a. Now, people are comparing themselves to digitally manipulated people who have been perfected by machines in rder for the ad to achieve its desired affect. Conclusion It is difficult to understand why advertisement agencies continue to create ads that lead to such devastating physiological problems for so many people. With all the evidence out there that points directly at advertisement agencies as the main source of the problem, why would this trend continue to worsen? It is because industry leaders feel that they cannot afford to stop retouching photographs, they are convinced that if they take these steps than people will not want to purchase their agazines anymore, because they believe consumers are not interested in seeing every flaw the model has 01m F. ). If it were not for the extremeness of Photoshop, people would not have such negative body image and low self-esteem. Many celebrities are taking steps to ban Photoshop but the effects Photoshop has already made on people are very hard to fix. My goal is to educate you about Photoshop and make sure you know the truth about all of these manipulated photographs, and hope that this will lead to the development of better self-image.

History of the Nature Conservancy

History of the Nature Conservancy The Nature Conservancy joins forces with governments, non-profit organizations, local stakeholders, indigenous communities, corporate partners, and international organizations to find solutions to conservation challenges. Their conservation tactics include the protection of private lands, the creation of conservation-minded public policies, and the funding of conservation projects around the world. Among The Nature Conservancys more innovative conservation approaches is the debt-for-nature swaps. Such transactions ensure biodiversity conservation in exchange for debt owed by a developing country. Such debt-for-nature programs have been successful in many countries including Panama, Peru, and Guatemala. History The Nature Conservancy was formed in 1951 by a group of scientists who wanted to take direct action to save threatened natural areas around the world. In 1955, The Nature Conservancy acquired its first parcel of land, a 60-acre tract along the Mianus River Gorge which lies on the border of New York and Connecticut. That same year, the organization established the Land Preservation Fund, a conservation tool that is still used today by The Nature Conservancy to help provide funding for worldwide conservation efforts. In 1961, The Nature Conservancy formed a partnership with the Bureau of Land Management that was aimed at protecting old-growth forests in California. A gift from the Ford Foundation in 1965 made it possible for The Nature Conservancy to bring on its first full-time president. From that point on, The Nature Conservancy was in full swing. During the 1970s and 1980s, The Nature Conservancy setup key programs such as the Natural Heritage Network and the International Conservation Program. The Natural Heritage Network collects information about species distributions and natural communities throughout the United States. The International Conservation Program identifies key natural regions and conservation groups in Latin America. The Conservancy completed their first debt-for-nature swap to fund conservation work in Braulio Carillo National Park in 1988. During that same year, the Conservancy joined forces with the US Department of Defense to help manage 25 million acres of military land. In 1990, The Nature Conservancy launched a large-scale project called the Last Great Places Alliance, an effort aimed at saving entire ecosystems by protecting core reserves and establishing buffer zones around them. In 2001, The Nature Conservancy celebrated its 50th year anniversary. Also in 2001, they acquired Zumwalt Prairie Preserve, a protected area on the edge of Hells Canyon in Oregon. In 2001 through 2005, they purchased land in Colorado that would later form the Great Sand Dunes National Park and the Baca National Wildlife Refuge, as well as expand the Rio Grande National Forest. Most recently, the Conservancy organized the protection of 161,000 acres of forest in the Adirondacks of New York. They also recently negotiated a debt-for-nature swap to protect the tropical forest in Costa Rica.

Negotiating employees welfares in a work place Research Paper

Negotiating employees welfares in a work place - Research Paper Example This project topic is focused on Negotiating on behalf of employees of an organization with its Executive Management on the employees’ welfares and conditions of services in the organization. This negotiation is based on a win/win situation where both the management and employees are pursuing a mutual interest of moving the organization to a greater height. Other interest groups in this negotiation are Company Board of Directors, Labor Union, Company employees, Customers and Vendors to the Company. Negotiation is the basic art of bargaining pursuing a mutual beneficial interest among interest groups such as Company Board of Directors, Labor Union, Company employees, Customers and Vendors to the Company. On daily basis everyone negotiates one thing or another. On a private level, individuals bargain with friends, car sellers, landlords, family and managers, among others interest groups. Negotiation formulates a vital segment of the competitive nature of the contemporary life of our social and economic dynamic. Negotiation makes a dynamic process among codependent and self-interested groups with different upbringings, which targets to influence a decision that contents preferences and limitations of the available groups (Defense, 2015). This paper discusses on the real-world, holistic overview of the skills strategies that can be employed and applied to successful negotiations on behalf of employees of an organization, with its Executive Management on the employees’ welfa res and conditions of services in the organization. Negotiations on behalf of employees of a particular organization are core attributes to organization success. There are no organizations that can survive without profitable conventions. Within an organization, negotiation skills can steer to career promotion among the officials involved. There are many stages and strategies of negotiation such as planning, negotiating, creating a contract and performing the contract. Each

Take home 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Take home 3 - Essay Example Its disadvantage is that it is slow and unstable and exposes vital organs to danger. In this way, the speeds attained by those species with bipedal abilities are far below those attained by the species that essentially use all limbs. Ostriches are among the fastest of bipeds even though their speeds do not compare well with those for quadrupeds.Bipedalism evolved due to the need to to free the hands for using tools as man and other animals evolved. B) When closely studied, the fossils of both Australopithecus anamensis and Australopithecus afarensis show that they were bipedal. In those records, all evidence in their knees, hips and foot morphology points to their having been bipedal.When compared to a modern human foot, the footprints called Laetoli Tracks in Tanzania point to a non-opposable hallux and an arch similar to that of a human being. Another piece of evidence displayed is that of the 7 Ma cranium which has an inferior placement of the foramen magnum which suggested that it was bipedal. The tibia of these species also had right angles between the shaft and the proximal surface which are evidence of bipedalism. These earlier hominids, though, are said to have been in the early stages of bipedalism given that further evidence has pointed to their using all four limbs especially for movement. 2.A) a) Orrorintugenensiswas discovered in Tugen Hills in Kenya in 2000. It is estimated to be between 5.7 to 6.1 million years old. Orrorin was bipedal given that its lesser trochanter protruded medially. From the evidence gathered about this hominid, its primary diet must have consisted of leaves and other forms of vegetation. b) Sahelanthropustchadensiswas discovered in 2001 in the Djurab Desert of Chad and was estimated to be about 7 million years. It was bipedal given that the shape of the anteriorly placed foramen magnum bore signs of bipedalism. More evidence points to it having

China-Iran Economic and Security Relationships and Its Impact on the Essay

China-Iran Economic and Security Relationships and Its Impact on the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) - Essay Example has more than a quarter of the total world oil reserves, Iran has the fourth largest oil reserves and Iraq has huge oil deposits and is second to Saudi Arabia in terms of quantity. (10) On the other hand, DAB and Kuwait are also abundant in oil (9) and are considered as two of the leading oil producing countries in the world. What is more important around this region is that the cost of production of oil is usually low compared to the cost of production other oil producing countries. Several states in the region, including Saudi Arabia and Iraq, employs cheap labour thereby effectively reducing the cost of production even more. Since the cost of producing oil is much lower in Iraq and Saudi Arabia, these countries earn more income from their operations than most other oil producing countries. Furthermore, with low oil production cost, countries around the Gulf like Iraq and Saudi Arabia have more flexibility in the events where prices of oil in the world market dive. The instability of prices of oil in the world market makes it difficult for other oil producers to keep up with the fluctuations of prices. However, since oil is the primary source of energy all over the world and it is difficult to find alternative sources of fuel, consumers have to go through the ups and downs of prices. Every time there are disturbances in the Middle East and production of oil is affected, the prices will shoot up. For instance, if a crisis in Middle East causes a net deficit of four million barrels of oil a day – this estimate could double in just a short time.(6) This gap in the production and the consumption of oil could cause a huge imbalance in the supply and demand for oil. This means that when disturbances happen in the Gulf area, a series of economic events will be triggered as oil production in the area slow down. The United States understands the role that the oil producing countries are playing in the Gulf. It also sees the grave consequences of a slowdown in the

Lab report peer review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lab report peer review - Assignment Example In figure 2 the COSY and H NMR data for unknown 2 shows a structural representation known as 4-heptanone. FEEDBACK: Yes, there is a good transition between the paragraphs. The information flow from one paragraph leads to the analysis of the next one. Together, the paragraphs sustain an argument, for example, paragraph 1 that introduces the thesis statement is followed logically with paragraph 2 that analyzes unknown 1 to completion before introducing analysis of unknown 2 in paragraph 3. FEEDBACK: There is a remarkably smooth integration of examples by the author into the argument. The connections between the evidence cited and the ideas supported are also quite clear. For instance, in each of the three cases of unknowns, the author illustrates the number of carbon/proton chains that produce the structure of the peaks that help in identifying the figures. The author supports the findings with appropriate figures. FEEDBACK: The other problems are not spotted. Only clichà ©s are used in the paper. Examples are â€Å"†¦in conjunction with†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in paragraph 1 and â€Å"†¦pentane chain which mirrors each side†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in paragraph 5 (Pavia, Pg

What Makes a Good Team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What Makes a Good Team - Essay Example Mergers and acquisitions of organizations pose significant restructuring and leadership challenges. As the Head of Department of recently merged organizational groups, I would expect repercussions that seriously impact team cohesiveness. In fact, mergers often become the breeding ground, where shared vision, beliefs and values, can undergo dramatic upheavals. This can trap the newly formed teams in a storming phase. The team members may begin questioning the way the combined firm would look, act and feel; it may not resemble the firm they've cherished, the one they helped build (Taylor, 2002). This can hurt the team morale. It's also true, that virtually in all cases of organizational mergers described in literature, there has been conflict that affect one, or a few associates in a significant way, to the point that it may be in their interest to leave the organization. Facing the Challenge As the Head of Department, I need to realize that the team must coalesce seamlessly for a common vision and purpose. I also need to appreciate that the team cohesion is a function of task, and social cohesion. Establishing a shared commitment and organizational goals; along with a positive bond amongst team members, requires clear and honest communication. The stages for team development described by Blanchard, and adapted effectively in the Toyota (Licker, 2004), provides a simple framework that could be useful in the current situation:- 1. Orientation: Provide the group a strong direction, clarity in mission, rules of engagement, and tools that team members may use. 2. Dissatisfaction: The team members continue to need direction (structure) and also social support to overcome social dynamics that may result into dissatisfaction. 3. Integration: The group obtains clarity of roles amongst team members and begins to exert control over the team processes. The challenge is for the group to learn about roles, goals, norms and team structure. 4. Production: The group performs effectively with little task or social support. The alternative team development model is that of, Forming, Storming, Norming, and Performing as proposed by Bruce Tuckman in 1965. The Plan I would address this situation with a three phase focused plan viz., initiation, development, and production. 1. Initiation: Breaking the ice with a weekend workshop in formal and informal settings. The workshop would provide opportunities for the group to mix with each other; work in small groups to discuss, deliberate and recognize the strengths of the group; interact amongst the groups to understand and deliberate on goals and mission; highlight the weak spots of apprehension and brainstorm to find ways of overcoming them; share the best practices of their respective parent units; and above all, have fun with

History of pencil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History of pencil - Essay Example The pencil did not appear until the Middle Ages, before that the majority of writing that was done was chiseled or etched into stone and later the Egyptians and Romans would introduce the stylus. The stylus was a thinned piece of lead that would leave light, but readable, marks on papyrus, an early precursor to paper (Pencil History, 2014).However, the fact, is that the grounds for the modern pencil was actually discovered by accident. As stated previously lead stylus were used to write, but in 1564 that would change. A new material, thought to be lead, which would be name graphite, was discovered in Borrowdale, England. Immediately it was noticed that it left dark black marks on the land. Many experts feel that this may have been discovered earlier by the Aztecs, as well. This black lead is, in fact, graphite, which is not a form of lead at all (Pencil History, 2014).The first graphite pencils were simply shards of graphite that were wrapped in cloth or string; ideally to keep the hands clean. The development of pencils began in Europe, particularly in Germany, which was the location of the first massed produced pencil industry in 1662 (Pencil History, 2014).Of course, these pencils did not look quite like the pencils of today. In fact these earliest pencils were not painted at all. However, it was a man named Nicholas-Jacques Conte, scientist in Napoleon’s forces, in 1795, who is credited with the inventi ng of the modern pencil (Popova). It was the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century that spawned the first pencil product war. Different manufacturers were determined to highlight their products from those of others. This is when colors were added to identify different pencils from different companies. In the United States at this time is when erasers were conveniently added to one end of the pencil. However, to this day the majority of pencils sold in the United Kingdom and the rest of Europe do not have and never have had

What Makes a Good Team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What Makes a Good Team - Essay Example Mergers and acquisitions of organizations pose significant restructuring and leadership challenges. As the Head of Department of recently merged organizational groups, I would expect repercussions that seriously impact team cohesiveness. In fact, mergers often become the breeding ground, where shared vision, beliefs and values, can undergo dramatic upheavals. This can trap the newly formed teams in a storming phase. The team members may begin questioning the way the combined firm would look, act and feel; it may not resemble the firm they've cherished, the one they helped build (Taylor, 2002). This can hurt the team morale. It's also true, that virtually in all cases of organizational mergers described in literature, there has been conflict that affect one, or a few associates in a significant way, to the point that it may be in their interest to leave the organization. Facing the Challenge As the Head of Department, I need to realize that the team must coalesce seamlessly for a common vision and purpose. I also need to appreciate that the team cohesion is a function of task, and social cohesion. Establishing a shared commitment and organizational goals; along with a positive bond amongst team members, requires clear and honest communication. The stages for team development described by Blanchard, and adapted effectively in the Toyota (Licker, 2004), provides a simple framework that could be useful in the current situation:- 1. Orientation: Provide the group a strong direction, clarity in mission, rules of engagement, and tools that team members may use. 2. Dissatisfaction: The team members continue to need direction (structure) and also social support to overcome social dynamics that may result into dissatisfaction. 3. Integration: The group obtains clarity of roles amongst team members and begins to exert control over the team processes. The challenge is for the group to learn about roles, goals, norms and team structure. 4. Production: The group performs effectively with little task or social support. The alternative team development model is that of, Forming, Storming, Norming, and Performing as proposed by Bruce Tuckman in 1965. The Plan I would address this situation with a three phase focused plan viz., initiation, development, and production. 1. Initiation: Breaking the ice with a weekend workshop in formal and informal settings. The workshop would provide opportunities for the group to mix with each other; work in small groups to discuss, deliberate and recognize the strengths of the group; interact amongst the groups to understand and deliberate on goals and mission; highlight the weak spots of apprehension and brainstorm to find ways of overcoming them; share the best practices of their respective parent units; and above all, have fun with